Kutheni ukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-tungsten kuza kuzisa imingeni kushishino lokugrumba?

TAmaxabiso e-unsten anyuke ngaphezulu kwama-200%unyaka nonyaka ngasekupheleni kuka-2025, ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu phantse kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ngenxa yokuncipha okukhulu kobonelelo kunye nokunyuka kwemfuno.

I-Tungsten (ngokuyintloko i-tungsten carbide) ibalulekile kwiibhithi zokubhola,izixhobo zokugaya,izixhobo/izixhobo ezingagugiyo, kunye nezinto zokulinganisa ubunzima xa kugrunjwa. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ayo okuphezulu kuzisa imingeni emininzi:

I. Ukunyuka Okukhulu Kweendleko Ezithe Ngqo kunye Nokukhukuliseka Okukhulu Kwenzuzo

1. Ukunyuka Okumangalisayo Kweendleko Zokwenza Ii-Drill Bit

• I-Tungsten carbide sisiseko se-tricone drill bits (TCI), i-PDC drill bit matrices kunye ne-polycrystalline diamond compact welding layers, eziquka15-25%yexabiso lilonke lezinto ezikrwada zeebhithi zokubhola.
• Amaxabiso ezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-tungsten kunye ne-cobalt anyuke nge-15-20%xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2022, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni8-10%ukunyuka kweendleko zokuvelisa ii-tricone drill bits.
• Iibhithi zokubhola zePDC zohlobo lweMatrix zisebenzisa umgubo we-tungsten carbide omninzi, kwaye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunyusa ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zokwenziwa kwe-matrix.

1. Ukwanda kweendleko zokusebenza kokugrumba zonke

• Iibhithi zokubhola zezinye zezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwinkqubo yokubhola, kwaye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kudluliselwa ngqo kwiintlawulo zenkonzo yokubhola.
• Kwindlela yokubhola eyenziwe ngokuqina okuphezulu, ubomi benkonzo yeebhithi zokubhola ze-tungsten carbide bude ngaphezu kwamaxesha angama-50 kuneebhithi zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo, okwenza kube nzima ukuzitshintsha ngokulula, kwaye ngaloo ndlela uxinzelelo lweendleko alunakuphepheka.
• Ukongeza kwiibhithi zokubhola, amaxabiso ezinto ze-tungsten carbide ezifana nezitulo zevalvu zepayipi yokubhola, ii-nozzles zokuqhumisa isanti kunye nee-pipe liners ezingagugiyo nazo zinyukile ngaxeshanye, nto leyo enyusa iindleko zokusebenza.

1. Uxinzelelo oluphindwe kabini kwiNzuzo yeeNkampani

• Izinga lokukhula kwamaxabiso ezinto eziluhlaza ezinyukayo lidlula elokunyuka kwamaxabiso emveliso ehlayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iindleko zihlale ixesha elide.
• Ukhuphiswano oluqatha lwemarike, ingakumbi phakathi kwamashishini amancinci naphakathi okugrumba, luthintela indawo yawo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso, apho amanye amashishini abona inzuzo yawo iyonke iwela ngaphantsi.10%.
• Iinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neSandvik zibhengeze ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emveliso ngama-22%, nto leyo engakhange ikwazi ukugubungela ngokupheleleyo ukukhula kweendleko, nto leyo eshiye amashishini amancinci naphakathi ekwimeko enzima ngakumbi.

II. Imingeni kuKhuseleko kunye noZinzo lweCandelo loNikezelo

1. Ulawulo oluQhelekileyo lweZixhobo zoBuchule lubangela ukunqongophala kobonelelo

• I-Tungsten ifakiwe "kuluhlu lweentsimbi ezibalulekileyo" yi-EU, i-United States, iJapan kunye nezinye iindawo, nto leyo ekhokelele ekuqinisweni kolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nophononongo lwekhonkco lokubonelela.
• Njengeyona mveliso inkulu yezixhobo ze-tungsten ehlabathini (ebala ngaphezulu kwama-80% eendawo zokugcina zehlabathi), iTshayina yaqalisa ulawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle ngoFebruwari 2025, ifuna "ilayisenisi enye kwi-odolo nganye" kwiintsimbi ezinqabileyo ezingama-25 kuquka ne-ammonium paratungstate.
• Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemfuno evela kumacandelo okuvelisa akumgangatho ophezulu kunye namacandelo amatsha amandla (afana neentambo ze-photovoltaic tungsten kunye ne-nuclear fusion) kuye kwaqinisa ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo ezinqongopheleyo kushishino lokugrumba.

1. Ukungalingani kweZibonelelo kunye neeMfuno zeFuel kuTshintsha kwamaxabiso

• Imfuno ye-tungsten yehlabathi kulindeleke ukuba idlule kwiitoni ezili-130,000 ngo-2025, ukunyuka okumalunga ne-6% unyaka nonyaka, ngelixa ukukhula kobonelelo kusancinci.
• Umgangatho wemithombo ye-tungsten ore yasekhaya uye wehla, umgangatho ophakathi we-ore eluhlaza uye wehla ukusuka kwi-0.42% ngo-2024 ukuya kwi-0.28%, nto leyo enyusa iindleko zokwemba.
• Imigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo yokukhusela okusingqongileyo ithintele ukwembiwa kwe-tungsten ore, nto leyo ebangela ukuba icala lokubonelela ngemveliso licinezeleke ngakumbi.

1. Umngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kobonelelo kumashishini amancinci naphakathi

• Malunga nama-30% amashishini amancinci naphakathi aseYurophu anezixhobo zokusebenza aye anyanzeleka ukuba ayeke ukwamkelwa kwee-odolo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezixhobo okanye iindleko eziphezulu.
• Amashishini okugrumba anokujongana nokulibaziseka kokunikezelwa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana neebhithi zokugrumba, nto leyo echaphazela inkqubela phambili yeprojekthi kunye nokusebenza kwekhontrakthi.

III. Uxinzelelo olukhulayo ekukhetheni ubuchwepheshe kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha

1. Imingeni kwi-R&D yoTshintsho lwezinto

• I-tungsten carbide ineengenelo ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ezinefuthe eliphezulu kunye neendawo ezigutyungelwe yintlabathi, okwenza kube nzima ukufumana indawo yayo epheleleyo kwixesha elifutshane.
• Ukuphuhlisa ezinye izinto ezingabizi kakhulu okanye iteknoloji yokugquma kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu lwe-R&D kunye nexesha lokuqinisekisa.
• I-tungsten carbide engqukuva inika ukusebenza okungcono kune-angular tungsten carbide kodwa ixabisa ngaphezulu ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kane, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukhetho lobuchwephesha lube yinkinga phakathi "kweendleko kunye nokusebenza".

1. Uxinzelelo Lokuphucula Iinkqubo Nokuphucula Ukusebenza Kakuhle

• Amashishini aye anyanzeleka ukuba aqinise imizamo yokuphucula inkqubo, njengokuyila ngokutsha isakhiwo sentsimbi esingundoqo seebhithi zokubhola zePDC ukuze kuncitshiswe ukusetyenziswa komgubo we-tungsten carbide (le nkqubo intsha inokunciphisa iindleko ngama-54%).
• Ukuphucula amazinga okusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza, amashishini aphambili anyuse izinga lokusetyenziswa kwawo ukusuka kwi-85% ukuya kwi-92%.
• Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izixhobo zokubhola inkunkuma kube yindlela ebalulekileyo, kwaye umlinganiselo wezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuneka unyuswe ube ngaphezulu kwama-25% ukuze kuncitshiswe ngempumelelo uxinzelelo lweendleko.

1. Iingozi Zokulungisa Iindlela Zobuchwephesha

• Amanye amashishini angatshintshela kwezinye iindlela ezingabizi kakhulu ezifana neebhithi zokubhola ngamazinyo entsimbi, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo okuphantsi kunye nobomi benkonzo obufutshane kwiindawo eziqinileyo kuya kunyusa iindleko zizonke.
• Iiprojekthi zokugrumba ezikumgangatho ophezulu (ezifana nemithombo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu yolwandle olunzulu kunye nemithombo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu yobushushu obuphezulu) zixhomekeke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-tungsten carbide, nto leyo eshiya indawo encinci yokulungiswa kobuchwephesha kwaye ibangela uxinzelelo olukhulu lweendleko.

IV. Ukhuphiswano lweMarike kunye noHlaziyo lweNdawo yeShishini

1. Ukwanda koQoqosho kwiShishini

• Amashishini amakhulu akwazi ukumelana nefuthe lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngenxa yoqoqosho lwawo, iingenelo zobuchwepheshe kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukulawula uthungelwano lokubonelela ngeenkonzo.
• Amashishini amancinci naphakathi anokupheliswa okanye afunyanwe ngenxa yobuthathaka bezakhono zokulawula iindleko kunye neendlela zokuxhasa ngemali ezilinganiselweyo.
• Uthungelwano lwe-tungsten carbide lwehlabathi lugxile kumashishini aphambili, nto leyo eyonyusa umahluko kushishino.

1. Ukhuphiswano oluQinisekisiweyo lweMarike yaMazwe ngaMazwe

• Ulawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle kweTshayina lutshintshe indlela yokubonelela nge-tungsten carbide kwihlabathi liphela, nto leyo ebeka amashishini aseYurophu naseMelika kwingcinezelo ephindwe kabini yokunqongophala kokubonelela kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
• Amashishini kumazwe asakhasayo anokufumana isabelo semarike esingakumbi ngenxa yeenzuzo zeendleko, nto leyo etshintsha imeko yokhuphiswano lwemarike yehlabathi yezixhobo zokugrumba.
• Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu kunye nemiqobo yorhwebo iye yaba nzima ngakumbi, nto leyo eyonyusa iindleko kunye nokungaqiniseki kweshishini lamazwe ngamazwe.

1. Utshintsho kwiMfuno yaBathengi

• Iinkampani zeoyile zinokunciphisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lokuhlola nophuhliso, zilibazise okanye zirhoxise iiprojekthi ezintsha, kwaye zinciphise imfuno yeenkonzo zokugrumba.
• Abathengi bathambekele ngakumbi ekukhetheni izisombululo zokubhola ezingabizi kakhulu kwaye babeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zobomi benkonzo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweebhithi zokubhola.
• Iziqendu zokulungiswa kwamaxabiso kwizivumelwano zexesha elide ziye zaba yinto ephambili kwiingxoxo, nto leyo enyusa iindleko kunye nemingcipheko yonxibelelwano lweshishini.