Kutheni iTungsten ibaluleke kangaka kwimisebenzi yokugrumba ioyile negesi?

Ukubaluleka kwe-tungsten (ingakumbi i-tungsten carbide) ekubholeni i-petroleum kunokuthelekiswa nokuba yiyo"Amazinyo emizi-mveliso"Ibonelela ngezixhobo zokugrumbaukukwazi ukwenza isigqibo sokuqhekeza ilitye ngokuqhubekayo, ngokufanelekileyo nangokuthembekileyo ngelixa bezikhusela phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zejolojiOkuindibaniselwano egqibeleleyo yobunzima, ukuqina, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokumelana nokugugulekaiyenza ibe yinto ebalulekileyo ngokweqhinga kwaye ngoku ayinakutshintshwa. Kungoko ke nokuguquguquka kwamaxabiso e-tungsten kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo lonke ishishini lokugrumba i-petroleum.

Apha ngezantsi kukho uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwezizathu eziphambili:

I. Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Zokoyisa Iimeko Ezinzima Zokusebenza

Ukugrumba ipetroliyam—ingakumbi kwimingxuma enzulu, kwimingxuma enzulu kakhulu, kwimingxuma ethe tyaba yegesi yeshale, kunye nokugrumba kude nolwandle—kujongene nemingeni emithathu emikhulu “eqatha”:

1. Uxinzelelo Olugqithisileyo kunye nobushushu: Kubunzulu beekhilomitha eziliqela, amaqondo obushushu angadlula ama-200°C, apho uxinzelelo lufikelela kumakhulu ee-atmospheres.
2. Ukurhawuzelelwa Okugqithisileyo: Iinxalenye zokubhola kufuneka ziqhekeze kwiindawo eziqinileyo nezirhabaxa (umz., igranite, iflint, isanti yequartz).
3. Ukugqwala Okugqithisileyo: Ulwelo lokubhola lunokuba neekhemikhali ezirhabaxa, ityuwa, kunye negesi ye-hydrogen sulfide.

Isisombululo seTungsten: I-Tungsten Carbide Hard Alloy

• Ubunzima obungalinganiyo kunye nokumelana nokunxiba: I-tungsten carbide ilandela idayimani ngobunzima kodwa inika ukumelana nokuchaphazeleka okuphezulu kakhulu kunye nokuqina xa kuthelekiswa nedayimani. Oku kuyivumela ukuba isebenze “njengamazinyo emizi-mveliso,” iqhubeka nokusika ilitye phantsi kokujikeleza okukhawulezayo kunye nomthwalo onzima, kwaye ubomi bayo buhlala bude kalishumi ukuya kumakhulu kunentsimbi eqhelekileyo.
• Ubunzima Obushushu Obugqwesileyo: Igcina ubulukhuni obuphezulu nokuba kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-~1000°C), ngokungafaniyo neentsimbi ezininzi ezithamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingasebenzi.
• Uzinzo oluLungileyo lweeKhemikhali: Iyamelana nokugqwala okuvela kulwelo lokugrumba kunye nolwelo olungaphantsi komhlaba.

II. Izicelo Eziphambili Kwiinkqubo Zokugrumba

I-Tungsten (ngokuyintloko ngohlobo lwe-tungsten carbide kunye ne-tungsten alloys) iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemisebenzi emininzi yokugrumba:

1. “Amazinyo” kunye neeNcam eziSika ii-Drill Bits:

• Iibhiti zeKhowuni: “Amazinyo” afakwe kwikhowuni nganye enziwe kakhulu nge-tungsten carbide. Ngawona mgca uphambili kwilitye elidibanayo neliqhekekayo.
• Iibhiti zeSika eziQinisekisiweyoNangona iibhithi zePDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) zisebenzisa izixhobo zokusika iidayimani ekuchebeni indawo enkulu,ii-gauge trimmers, amazinyo esithende, kunye nee-reinforcement inserts kwiindawo ezibalulekileyobadla ngokuxhomekeka kwi-tungsten carbide ukuthintela ukuguguleka komzimba we-bit.
• Iibhithi ezikhethekileyo: “IiDiamond Impregnated Bits” ezisetyenziswa kwiindlela ezinzima ziqulathe inani elikhulu lamasuntswana e-tungsten carbide ngaphakathi kwi-matrix, esebenza njengezinto ezirhabaxa kunye nesakhiwo esixhasayo.

1. Izixhobo Ezingagugiyo Kwizixhobo Ezibalulekileyo:

• Izixhobo zoMngxunya: Umphezulu wangaphandle wezixhobo ze-MWD/LWD, iziqinisi, kunye nee-reamers zihlala ziqinile ngee-tungsten carbide particles okanye zifakwe ii-tungsten carbide inserts ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokuguga kakhulu okuvela kwi-wellbore.
• Iinxalenye zeString Drill: Iibhendi zokunxiba kwiindawo zokudibanisa izixhobo zepayipi yokubhola kunye nombhobho wokubhola onzima zigqunywe nge-tungsten carbide ukunciphisa kakhulu ukungqubana kunye nokuguga kwikhabhathi, zikhusela iityhubhu ezibizayo.

1. Izinto zokulinganisa ubunzima obuphezulu:

• Iialloy zeTungsten-nickel-ironzisetyenziselwa ubunzima kwizixhobo zokubhala ngokuchanekileyo ezifana ne-MWD/LWD.uxinano oluphezulu (≈18 g/cm³)ivumela ubuninzi obukhulu kwiindawo ezixineneyo, izinzisa izixhobo ngempumelelo kwaye iqinisekise ukufunyanwa kwedatha ngokuchanekileyo.

III. Iingenelo Ezithe Ngqo—Isizathu Sokuba “Zingenakuthathelwa Indawo”

1. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokubhola: Izinto ze-tungsten eziqinileyo nezingagugiyo zikhokelela ekubeniamazinga aphezulu okungena (ROP)kwayeividiyo ende ngokubaleka kancinci, ukunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ixesha lokwakha umngxuma.
2. Ukhuseleko oluQinisekisiweyo kunye nokuthembeka kokusebenza: Ukusilela ngequbuliso kwesixhobo okanye isixhobo esingaphantsi kwamanzi amawaka eemitha kunokubangela imisebenzi yokuloba ebiza kakhulu okanye nokulahlekelwa liqula. Ukuthembeka okugqwesileyo kwezixhobo ze-tungsten kubalulekile ekuqhubekeni kokusebenza.
3. Ixabiso eliphantsi lilonkeNangona izinto ze-tungsten zibiza kakhulu, iingenelo—ixesha elincitshisiweyo lokukhubeka ngenxa yotshintsho lwebhithi, amazinga aphantsi okusilela, kunye nevidiyo ephezulu yokubhola—kukhokelela kwixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu ngemitha nganye kulo lonke ixesha lobomi.
4. Ivumela iiNkqubo eziPhambili: Ngaphandle kwee-alloys eziqinileyo ezisekelwe kwi-tungsten, ukugrumba uninzi lwemithombo yanamhlanje engaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-5,000 ubunzulu (imithombo enzulu/enzulu kakhulu) kunye nejometri yemithombo entsonkothileyo bekungayi kwenzeka ngokobuchwephesha okanye ngokwezoqoqosho.